This paper describes a micro-needle that is coated with the drug/vaccine that is intended to be injected. This biomimetic approach is inspired by some European true bugs that “facilitate a directional liquid transport.” The bugs have microstructures that can transfer defensive liquids from their body surfaces unidirectionally. The micro-needles themselves may also be similar to North American porcupine quills. These micro-needles can penetrate into the epidermal layers without irritating any nerves or blood vessels that are sub-dermal. 4 types of needles have been described: solid, coated, dissolving, and hollow. Solid ones are used for the skin pre-treatment; coated ones with a thin layer of formulation (which dissolves and releases active ingredients after inserting into the skin); dissolved ones rapidly degrade and release the drug after penetrating the skin; hollow ones have an opening that injects liquid into the skin.
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