This paper analyses how the microstructures and mechanical properties of horns can be related to different species’ fighting behaviours. 4 representative ruminant species: the bighorn sheep, domestic sheep, mountain goat and pronghorn were investigated. The mechanical properties of the horns under tensile stress and compression specimens of the different horns in both ambient dry and fully hydrated conditions were measured. The data prove that the mountain goat horn has highest yield strength and energy absorption in all directions, meaning that it has the stiffest and toughest horns among the 4 species. Thus, the mechanical properties of keratinous mountain goat horns can provide principles and design rules for making bioinspired materials with superior mechanical properties and durability.
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